Word: top-down
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...trillions of yen in the hands of consumers, Obuchi's program saves the economy (to say nothing of his political career) and gets consumers to finally start spending. In time, that growth encourages Japan's out-of-date manufacturing firms to begin a difficult restructuring. The result is a top-down, bottom-up postindustrial revolution. And though the government has to go into hock to pay for the resuscitation, it eventually repays its deficit on the back of a newly resurgent Japan...
...kids not getting reached." It would be difficult enough to get them to qualify under affirmative action, when schools could dip into lower test rungs to get promising students. With the end of those programs, however, the kids must slug it out in a highly competitive top-down system, with only the very best, across the board, getting into a U.C. campus. "We're talking about pushing kids to a 1200 SAT and 3.7. That's maybe three B's allowed," says Juan Lara, director of Irvine's Center for Educational Partnerships, which runs the outreach program...
...show has a lot of prominent people. The downside is it's a very top-down show," he said. "I would have liked to have students talking to each other...
Unfortunately that admission misses the point, for it is the top-down nature of the Asian model itself that is the real cause of the crisis. This model bred complacency, cronyism and corruption. Isolated from public opinion, just as they insulated bankers and businessmen from market forces, the technocrats ignored the deafening clamor of alarm bells that market forces have been ringing for years. Worse still, because there was no public scrutiny of the iron triangle of bureaucrats, businessmen and bankers, the natural coziness that developed in that clique led inevitably to decisions based on personal relations. At best this...
...turned out otherwise. Robert Cailliau of CERN, Berners-Lee's earliest collaborator on the project, describes the Web's prevailing top-down structure: "There's one point that puts the data out, and you're just a consumer." He finds this model--whose zenith is the coming wave of so-called push technology--an "absolute, utter disaster...