Word: top-down
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Like the video revolution in cinema, the wide availability of photocopy machines completely changed the direction of comics. Anyone could make and distribute "mini-comix" outside of the old-guard publishing system. Without the editorial demands - or benefits - of the top-down system, the Do It Yourself movement created its own aesthetic. The form lent itself to deeply personal, even solipsistic, stories and a punk-rock aversion to "craft" in favor of raw, expressionist artwork. Over time that outsider style has been adopted (co-opted?) by traditional, established publishers. Three recent works, available in regular comicbook shops, typify this style...
...dynamic between students and the rest of the University. Currently students are consumers of education; they should be partners in their own educational experience. The process of deciding what classes are offered, how they are taught and even what concentrations are available should be an ongoing dialogue, not a top-down decision. And the curriculum should be an organic and continually evolving entity—perhaps not requiring complete, time-consuming overhauls every 30 years...
...point, but go a long way in making what is otherwise a stock action-RPG more immersive than it should be. The real test is how well its given set of character classes, equipment, magical items and foes hold up over countless stages of battle. Crystal Chronicles’ top-down gameplay has been compared to Diablo and Zelda, but is most reminiscent of Gauntlet, in which a small band of heroes roved endlessly across tidy little maps filled with monsters and treasure chests. Brilliantly, the countless skirmishes you’ll encounter reflect the turn-based combat of earlier...
...fizz still in this debate is that it remains a good marker in the culture wars. Political scientist John Green of Ohio's Akron University notes that the sense of sin integral to substitution theory informs the religious right's politics of individual morality. Indeed, substitution's top-down nature reaffirms conservatives' scorn of any rights that they feel lack God's biblical imprimatur. "The substitutionary understanding is humbling," says Mohler. "It has the Father in the position of satisfying his righteous demands of us through Christ's atonement. We don't have the authority to define our own existence...
...9/11 attacks--which occurred six days after he took the job--required firm, aggressive leadership, and Raines mobilized the staff for all-out coverage. But the heads of the Times's bureaus traditionally had leeway in deciding what stories to cover, and as the crisis ebbed and Raines' top-down crisis structure became business as usual, it began to rankle. He shook up the staff, giving choice assignments to cronies. He was brusque and domineering. He launched a crusade against the Augusta National golf club's exclusion of women and then was at least partly responsible for spiking two sports...