Word: top-down
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...Fremont factory. GM is represented by 17 management-level employees at NUMMI, while Toyota has 36, including the president and executive vice president. One of the first things the Japanese did was eliminate executive perks such as reserved parking places and a separate cafeteria. Then they turned the top-down style of American management -- the tradition of the industrial engineer as the first and last word on how a car is made -- on its head. As NUMMI president Kan Higashi says, "The person who does the job knows it best...
...most of the thrust for reform has come from Governors, legislators and businessmen concerned about a shrinking pool of qualified workers. "Reform has been a sort of top-down initiative," says John Moore, chairman of the department of education at Trinity University in San Antonio. "Teachers were never brought into it." As a result, while progress was made, many reforms were misguided. In Houston, for instance, state rules requiring failing students to be tutored foundered because of problems in scheduling the sessions and the fact that many students failed to show...
...authority and responsibility with the people who are closest to the children," explains Renee Montoya of Designs for Change, a child-advocacy group that is helping to lead the way. Efforts like these, says Boyer, constitute a "new agenda," a critical second wave that may succeed where the earlier, top-down reform movement failed. If so, perhaps at last the tidal wave of mediocrity will subside...
CORPORATIONS CALL IT "top-down" decision-making. It's fast, it's efficient and it gets the job done. At Harvard, people like President Derek C. Bok and Vice President Daniel Steiner '54 are in the driver's seat. They know the most and are therefore most qualified to make the important decisions, right...
Universities like Brown and Dartmouth, far ahead of Harvard in the number of students and faculty members who use computers, have a "top-down" theory of computerization. Department head outline a program by which faculty and students are expected to apply the new technology to traditional areas of scholarship, said Lewis...