Word: bottom-up
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Instead of taking large structures and cutting them into smaller pieces, however, some scientists, however, are taking the opposite approach. Using a bottom-up approach, they are focusing on taking extremely small units and combining them into working machines...
...SIDES OF MANUFACTURING The conventional approach is top-down: starting with large clumps of steel, wood, plastic, masonry and shaping them into the forms you want. Nanotechnology is, by contrast, bottom-up: stacking individual atoms into useful shapes. We know that the bottom-up approach is possible because that's what biology does, assembling proteins from individual atoms and molecules, putting them together to form cells and layering cells upon cells to form large, complex objects such as sperm whales and giant Sequoia trees...
...education, McCain favors a bottom-up approach. Instead of national standards, he wants to streamline both federal and state educational bureaucracies, allowing school systems and individual schools to decide how best to spend education dollars. He also supports school choice and voucher plans...
...Dutton; 240 pages; $23.95). Vermeer's activities as an art dealer and tavern operator are not pushed further than the thready historical record. Greit, on the other hand, is a full literary creation with the candid radiance of the Vermeer canvas. Through her eyes, we also get a close, bottom-up perspective on life in the city of Delft at a time when Holland was a leading maritime nation...
That, says Lifset, is where nanotechnology plays a role. In this emerging field, which employs just about every kind of scientific and engineering discipline, researchers expect to create products by building them from scratch, atom by atom, molecule by molecule. This bottom-up nanotechnological way of making things differs from the traditional drilling, sawing, etching, milling and other fabrication methods that create so much waste along...