Word: mid-19th
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...stract belief in a "Great Architect of the Universe" were viewed as an intolerable threat by Pope Clement XII, who issued the first papal edict that ordered excommunication of any Catholics who became Masons. Masons were often regarded as subversive political freethinkers by the Italian principalities. By the mid-19th century, in fact, many of the most prominent nationalist leaders of the Italian risorgimento were Masons. Among them: Giuseppe Mazzini and the notoriously antipapal Giuseppe Garibaldi...
...always so; last century, Munich influenced American artists even more than Paris. There are plenty of parallels, if not exact concordances, between the infinite longings expressed in German romantic art and the sense of pantheistic immanence, God-over-the-Hudson, that ran through American nature painting in the mid-19th century. But since World War II, for obvious reasons, the links were broken and discarded-especially by those blind savants who fell in with the idea that Nazism could, by some train of coarse free association, be traced back to German transcendentalism. So this show, in all its variety...
...Stratton's recent discovery of hundreds of memoirs from the women who settled the western wilderness against great odds in the mid-19th century has unveiled a female frontier population which seemed to strengthen and thrive and gain color from the prairie sun and wind. These women, who trailed west after their husbands, unwillingly at first, soon burst out in lively appreciation of and identification with the frontier landscape. Carrie Stearns Smith, one pioneer woman, recollects the liberating power of the prairie as it accosted her constricted New England sensibility...
...composer who has been popular in his lifetime often goes into eclipse after his death and never regains popularity. The history of music is full of examples: Joachim Raff, considered a great symphonist 100 years ago; Giacomo Meyerbeer, king of grand opera in the mid-19th century. The once esteemed Jean Sibelius, whose music fell into disfavor more than a decade before his death in 1957, is only now beginning to be reassessed...
...mid-1600s, Venice became the home of the new art form. The locale was appropriate: opera was more comfortable in that city of intrigue and sensuousness, and Titian red was better suited to its grand theatricality than the umber of Tuscany. Monteverdi settled there and wrote at least six operas; by 1700 there were 16 opera theaters among the canals. In the mid-19th century, the new music had progressed so far from its simple start that Hector Berlioz recalled: "... horses, cardinals under a canopy . . . orgies of priests and naked women . . . the rocking of the heavens...