Word: outputted
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...moment when, as Charles and Mary Beard argued 50 years ago, the urban industrial North seized power from the agrarian South in a "second American revolution." Through cliometrics, says the University of Pittsburgh's Samuel Hays, historians have analyzed such production figures as railroad mileage and steel output, and found that the "takeoff points" occurred earlier, in the 1840s and early '50s. Cliometricians also use voting data to learn, say, the cultural differences between Republicans and Democrats. (Ethnic and religious divisions turn out to be more important than arguments over economic issues...
...plant has what Dedkov calls "a fund for economic stimulation." The fund rewards brigades of productive workers with bonuses called the "thirteenth pay" at year's end. Inducements to greater output are also built into the wage system. Most employees of the Minsk factory are paid a piecework rate for each item they produce. The amount is determined by the quality of the work, the number of pieces turned out and whether that exceeds production norms. Dedkov claims that managers are very careful before they raise goals so that a worker does not end up receiving less...
...U.S.S.R.'s energy gap will prove to be is a subject of widespread discussion. The CIA, in a controversial and criticized report in 1977, predicted that the Soviets would have to start importing petroleum before 1985. The CIA updated that study last year and said that Soviet oil output could fall as low as 8 million bbl. in 1985. If this view is accurate, the Soviet Union will soon have to halt its lucrative oil exports, including 129 million bbl. to such Western nations as Italy, West Germany and Austria. Last year petroleum was the largest Soviet export, with...
Alexander Krylov, a top Soviet oil expert and a member of the Academy of Sciences, has predicted that "national oil output will peak in a relatively short time and then start to fall." Yet other energy experts in both the East and the West are more optimistic about Soviet potential. Leading Kremlin officials insist that their country will remain a net exporter of oil and natural gas for the next 50 years. Economist Marshall Goldman of Wellesley College maintains in his book The Enigma of Soviet Petroleum: Half Empty or Half Full? that the Soviets will actually increase production...
...where distance and climate make exploitation difficult. The coal is primarily low-grade, high-polluting lignite, and much of it is pyrophoric, that is to say, it can ignite spontaneously upon contact with oxygen. Still, Western analysts are baffled by the U.S.S.R.'s declining coal production. In 1979 output was 3 million tons less than in 1977 and 33 million tons under the goal set by the national economic plan...