Word: beaming
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...Caro, 42, whose works suggest an explosion in a boiler factory. His Month of May, a star attraction at London's current sculpture triennial in Battersea Park, is a magenta, orange and green collection of huge aluminum jackstraws seemingly flung into the air over two chunks of I beam. There is no pedestal, no impressive volume filled with bronze-and no relation to human scale. "I wanted to make sculpture that is as meaningful in a room as a person," says Caro. So he shunned anatomically suggestive totems as "people substitutes" and made sculpture that substitutes things for people...
Backbone of Stanford's linear accelerator (called SLAC) is a 10,000-ft.-long, 4-in.-diameter copper tube housed in a concrete tunnel and buried 25 ft. underground to protect scientists and any bystanders from its fierce radiation. At one end, an electron beam is generated in much the same manner as the beam inside a home TV picture tube. Injected into a nickel-size hole that runs the length of the copper tube, the beam's electrons are immediately accelerated by 6,000,000-watt microwave pulses generated by 245 klystrons-giant, ultrahigh-frequency radio tubes...
...Beam Switchyard. For the remainder of the two-mile journey, most of the energy imparted to the electrons by the radio wave is in the form of mass. As a result, each electron increases its mass 40,000 times, and has acquired about 20 billion electron volts (BEV) of energy by the time it reaches the far end of the copper tube. There, the extremely powerful stream of charged particles passes through a beam "switchyard," where giant electromagnets direct it into one or another of two target buildings, or split it between both...
Beginning with the light of shortest wave length (and thus the highest energy), they aimed a beam from the grating through a Pyrex cylinder containing hydrogen and deuterium iodide gas, which breaks down when exposed to light. When molecules of deuterium iodide were struck by photons in the light beam, they split into fast-moving atoms of deuterium and sluggish, heavier atoms of iodine. Some of the speeding deuterium atoms in turn collided with hydrogen molecules in the cylinder, knocking off one of the hydrogen atoms and combining with the other to form deuterium hydride...
Newtonian or Quantum? After exposing the cylinder to light of a uniform wave length for periods ranging from half an hour to ten hours, the scientists analyzed its contents to detect molecules of deuterium hydride. The process was repeated, each time with a light beam of longer wave length and lower energy, until they failed to find molecules of deuterium hydride in the cylinder-no matter how long the gases had been exposed to the light. At this particular wave length, it seemed clear, the deuterium atoms had not been given enough velocity to split the hydrogen molecules and combine...