Word: beaming
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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Since the days when the stethoscope and blood-pressure cuff were the only instruments that most doctors used, medical technology has acquired a huge array of machines - cryoprobes, air-driven bone saws, laser-beam knives, nuclear reactors to irradiate brain tumors. No less troublesome than the complexity of the devices is the lack of standardization: diathermy machines made by two manufacturers for the same purpose have dials calibrated on different scales, so doctors must translate one to the other for comparisons. And there is no assurance that either scale or machine is accurate...
...Doptone, based on the Doppler effect, transmits a narrow beam of very-high-frequency sound into the abdomen, detects fetal life and heartbeat after the tenth week of gestation, with out harming the mother. It also pin points blockages in peripheral arteries, as a guide to surgery...
Unlike most mammoth science and engineering projects, SLAC has had unusually smooth and efficient sailing. Its total cost will be $114 million, precisely the amount appropriated five years ago for SLAC's sponsor, the Atomic Energy Commission. In a warmup test last month, it produced an 18.4 BEV beam and performed so well that its Stanford operators decided to begin allotting time for experiments to start next November, several months ahead of schedule. Its only serious problem, caused by the stubborn refusal of Woodside, a nearby suburb, to allow use of its land for SLAC...
Inside the buildings, the electron beam is fired at targets such as metallic sheets or containers of liquid hydrogen. As a high-energy electron approaches the nucleus of an atom in the target, one of two things happens: it veers off in a different direction, or it actually shatters the nucleus-and the reaction often produces new and different particles that exist for only billionths of a second...
Subatomic World. Though SLAC's 20 BEV output is exceeded by the more familiar synchrotrons-devices that accelerate atomic particles by whirling them in a circular path-linear acceleration has several advantages. The beam is easier to control, more accessible for experimentation and bombards a target with more particles per second -increasing the probability of particle interaction. Even more important, circular accelerators cannot impart energies of more than about ten BEV to electrons which radiate away much of their energy when traveling in a circular path. Synchrotrons and other circular accelerators such as cyclotrons and betatrons are usually used...