Word: spectrograms
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When news of Zue's accomplishment reached speech scientists at Pittsburgh's Carnegie-Mellon University, it was greeted with great excitement. The researchers knew that if a human could read a spectrogram, then a computer could too. In 1979 they invited Zue to spend a couple of days in their Pittsburgh laboratories. "I had no idea what was up," says Zue. The invitation turned out to involve 48 hours of rigorous testing with hundreds of voice spectrograms. At one point, the Carnegie-Mellon team tried to trip up Zue with the phrase "A stitch in dime saves nine," expecting...
Conceived in 1941 as a way for the deaf to "read" speech, the voice-print machine analyzes patterns of frequency and amplitude, transcribing each variation into a spectrogram. One of the chief developers, Physicist Lawrence Kersta, claims that everyone's voiceprint is as unique as his fingerprints, and that any skilled technician can identify a voiceprint with more than 99% accuracy. Other scientists have disputed his claims...
...rainbow of colors ranging from short-wave-length violet light at one end to longer-wave-length red at the other, star spectra show a series of characteristic bright and dark vertical lines that indicate the presence of specific chemical elements. In 1868, one such line in a spectrogram of the sun enabled British Astronomer Norman Lockyer to detect the existence of a new element-helium-before it was discovered on the earth...
...proof were published in Nature, the world of science also went into a state of shock. Astronomer Greenstein promptly shelved his own unpublished quasar theory, admitting that "if it weren't for Maarten, I could have been caught with my scientific trousers down." Instead, he turned to a spectrogram that he had taken from quasar 3C 48 and - using Schmidt's redshift key - discovered that 3C 48 was re ceding even faster than 3C 273. By Hubble's law it appeared to be some 4 billion light-years away...
Tripled Wave. Step by painful step Schmidt's search identified spectrogram lines and unlocked the spectral secrets of five new quasars. The most distant of them, 3C-9, showed signs of a kind of ultraviolet which comes from the sun in considerable quantities but is absorbed by the earth's atmosphere. It had never been photographed before by surface observatories. In the 3C-9's spectrum, its wave length had been more than tripled by shifting toward the red. It showed as an easily photographed blue and proved that the quasar's speed...