Word: programing
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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...Hispanic students need some kind of bilingual education, and the cost of providing it has soared by more than 800% in the past eight years. Illinois law requires that when 20 or more English-deficient students of the same language background are enrolled in the same class, a bilingual program must be provided. Because the Spanish programs have been taught longer, Hispanics do reasonably well. Programs for newer ethnic groups-among them some 10,000 Japanese, 10,000 Chinese and 10,000 Filipinos-have been less effective. Last June an amendment calling for a total cutoff of bilingual funding passed...
...program worked just that way, there would be no problem. But Miguel's curriculum is a tiny part of a crazy quilt of local, state and national attempts to cope with the growing number of U.S. schoolchildren, some 3.5 million of them, for whom English is a second language. Now lumped under the heading of bilingual education, these efforts began with special ESL (English as a second language) classes. Later came attempts to teach children in their native tongue for a few years so they would not fall behind while they learned English. In 1968 Congress passed the Bilingual...
...whole program affected 25,000 children. This year the federal program alone will handle an estimated 500,000. Begun as a local option available to poor children who are weak in English, bilingual ed is now a federally enforceable right for children speaking any one of 70 native tongues, from Yupik to Yapese, from Vietnamese to Russian. Collectively it costs Americans $700 million a year. It will soon cost more. With schools reopening next week, the Department of Education will launch public hearings in six cities (Chicago, Denver, New York, New Orleans, San Antonio and San Francisco) about Government proposals...
...difficulty of evaluating or enforcing rules for bilingual education is evident from even a brief look at the areas where much of the money and effort for the program are concentrated...
...Angeles has more than 2 million Spanish-speaking residents. But Mexican Americans are spread all over the state, placing a bilingual burden on small school systems too. Of California's 3.9 million schoolchildren, nearly 10% so far have been defined as limited, or non-English-speaking. The bilingual program suffers from a lack of adequate teachers. Says State Board of Education President Michael Kirst: "We need 9,000 teachers. We only have 5,000, and the demand is growing faster than the supply...