Word: one
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Dates: during 1950-1959
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...NATO's Continental members, France is the only one that has refused Norstad authority to send its planes into immediate action in event of a Soviet attack, the only one that has refused to hook into the Europe-wide air-warning-and-command net that NATO hopes to finish building by 1961. (Given the small size of Western Europe-Paris lies only 350 miles from the Communist frontier of East Germany-this is roughly like refusing to agree to coordinated air defense of Chicago and Minneapolis...
...traditional anticlericalism-a strain that runs from Voltaire to Sartre-remained just below the surface. In 1945, when De Gaulle set up his postwar government, he, though himself a devout Catholic communicant, curtly withdrew the wartime subsidies that Vichy had set aside for Church-run schools. But still, one in five French children attended the church schools, though the buildings were often in miserable shape, and learning, except for the top Jesuit schools, suffered from ill-paid and inferior teaching. The question of state aid to Catholic schools has passionately dogged every French government since, including De Gaulle...
...Butter, No Milk. In such predominantly Catholic regions as Normandy, Brittany and La Vendée, children who attend public schools and their parents are occasionally denied the sacraments. In one Vendée town the curé himself told his congregation: "You have a good laïque teacher, but even if she were a saint, you should not send your children to her." The teacher soon found that children would turn from her in the street, and that farmers refused to sell her butter and milk. In cities the tables are often turned: a child returning from confession...
...return? The cardinals and bishops of France signed a statement pleading with the government not to touch the autonomy of the parochial schools, and even the Freemasons broke precedent by plunging into the controversy. But of all the arguments that flew over France, few were more prolonged than the one in the Cabinet itself...
...been at odds with Premier Debré. Boulloche insisted that his ministry have almost complete control over any school that accepted state aid, refused even to tolerate crucifixes and robes. Enraged, Culture Minister André Malraux turned on Boulloche, snapped: "Neutralization in teaching does not exist." At one point, De Gaulle firmly reminded his quarreling ministers, "We are no longer under the Fourth Republic," warned them that an impasse in the Cabinet could sweep it out of office. To Boulloche he said, "I understand your conscience but think also of the Fifth Republic and the regime." Finally, fearing that Boulloche...