Word: modernizations
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James King Newton, A.M., professor of Modern Languages at Oberlin College, has just issued a pamphlet on the necessity of a treaty-revision between the United States and Japan. It is a pamphlet of some twenty-five pages and gives many admirable arguments in behalf of a new treaty...
There are many games and athletic exercises that are practised now which although considered modern inventions were in a different form in use among the ancients. Even lawn tennis, the most fashionable of them all, and the one which more than any other seems to have taken a permanent hold on the people of this country, appears to be merely a variation of a form of ball played by the Romans; one great difference being that with them the ball had always to be returned before it struck the ground - in fact, "volleyed." There is no very definite description...
Further, a contest that within the last few years has had a place in the programme of most athletic meetings is even more directly one in which the ancients took part. The "tug-of-war" is quite a modern institution, but is very nearly the same as a Grecian trial of strength, which appears to have been arranged in two ways, in one of which the only difference between it and the present "tug-of-war" is that fewer persons took part in it, and that they stood up instead of partly sitting as they do now. In the other...
...certainly seems to me, from consideration of the various matters referred to, that our modern ones are decidedly physically stronger and capable of greater exertion, and also that, independently of that, they are able to obtain more result from their exertions than the ancients. The men of the present day, we know, are larger than they were in bygone years, and therefore they should be more powerful; for it is an acknowledged axiom in sport that, other things being equal, "a big one will always beat the little one." - Nineteenth Century...
Taking the modern past first into consideration, I should say that in the majority of cases it certainly does not; the increased result of their exertions being in a great measure due to the improvements of the machines they use. This, however, is not always so, for, although in rowing, shooting, bicycling, etc., it may be, it can hardly be altogether so in running, cricket, jumping, &c., though even in these cases, to a certain extent, it is as the improvement in the condition of the grounds where the contests take place has something to do with the performances...