Word: mathematica
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Dates: during 1990-1999
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Thomas Professor Emeritus of the History of Science I. Bernard Cohen '37 has unleashed the mysteries of Newton's Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica--commonly referred to as the Principia--in the first English translation of the book since...
...more than 50 books penned over 74 years, Bertrand Russell set the terms of the debate in logic and philosophy in the first part of the century--most notably with Principia Mathematica (1910-13), written with philosopher Alfred North Whitehead...
...young engineering student in England, Wittgenstein saw the hope of the new mathematical logic, and rushed to Cambridge to become the protege of Bertrand Russell, whose monumental Principia Mathematica (1913), written with Alfred North Whitehead, was an attempt to reduce all mathematics to logic. Wittgenstein's first book, published in England in 1922, the even more grandly titled Tractatus Logico-philosophicus, went even further, and was thought by him, and by some of his admirers, to have brought philosophy to an end, its key problems definitively solved once and for all. Some "philosophical" propositions could be readily expressed and evaluated...
...After many centuries of being a typically sloppy human mishmash in which vague intuitions and precise logic coexisted on equal terms, mathematics at the end of the 19th century was finally being shaped up. So-called formal systems were devised (the prime example being Russell and Whitehead's Principia Mathematica) in which theorems, following strict rules of inference, sprout from axioms like limbs from a tree. This process of theorem sprouting had to start somewhere, and that is where the axioms came in: they were the primordial seeds, the Ur-theorems from which all others sprang...
...Publication of Volume I of Principia Mathematica, a three-volume work by Bertrand Russell and Alfred North Whitehead that attempts to link mathematics and logic...