Word: justinian
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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...strike and had to be chided for goofing off. He clears Alaric and his Goths of the charge that they destroyed Rome. The great city was ravaged, he writes, not by the barbarians in A.D. 410, but through imperial plundering in the 6th and 7th centuries by Byzantine Emperors Justinian and Constans II. Johnson also challenges the once popular thesis-of Max Weber and R.H. Tawney among others-that Calvinism helped nurture capitalism. In staunchly Calvinistic Scotland, Johnson notes, capitalism was long stifled. What did launch capitalism, he argues, was the decline of churchly power-whether in Calvinistic or Catholic...
...biblical Deborah, who led the Israelites to victory against the Canaanites. The Byzantine Empress Theodora, who inspired most of the important legislation of Justinian's reign. Catherine the Great of Russia, who had skills-and drives-as prodigious as her legendary predecessor Peter. From Nefertiti, the Maid of Orleans and Elizabeth I down to modern times, women leaders have left their mark. The 1970s alone have seen no fewer than four female heads of state: Israel's Golda Meir, India's Indira Gandhi, Sri Lanka's Sirimavo Bandaranaike and Argentina's Isabelita...
WHEN the leaders of world Communism pay state visits to the fraternal Rumanian Socialist Republic, they are often startled to find President Nicolae Ceauşescu flanked by bearded dignitaries in sumptuous clerical robes -usually Patriarch Justinian, the primate of the Rumanian Orthodox Church and Dr. Moses Rosen, the Chief Rabbi of Bucharest. Such affronts to the militantly atheist ideology of Communism have been frequent occurrences since Ceauşescu came to power in 1965. High-ranking prelates are now elected to the Rumanian National Assembly. Some members of the Rumanian Communist Party's Central Committee regularly attend Easter...
...with Rome, but practice the Byzantine rite. The Uniate Church was outlawed, its five bishops and most of its parish priests arrested. Many died in prison. In a second spasm of repression in 1958-60, hundreds of Orthodox priests, monks and lay members were flung into prison. Even Patriarch Justinian was briefly placed under house arrest...
...ranking clergyman to the lowliest parish priest must all satisfy the authorities in order to remain in place. This means that prelates are frequently required to promote policies considered to be in the Rumanian national interest. In grimmer days, pulpits were often used as platforms for political exhortation. Patriarch Justinian dutifully denounced the 1956 Hungarian revolt, and Chief Rabbi Rosen likewise excoriated NATO for arming West Germany. Nowadays, the clergy tends to have more innocuous, often worthy, obligations, such as raising money abroad for the victims of last spring's disastrous Rumanian floods...