Word: gradients
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Julie E. Goodman, an adjunct lecturer in epidemiology at the School of Public Health and a toxicologist at Gradient, an environmental consulting firm, said that the victims were lucky given the deadliness of the chemical...
They found that patients with high levels of cotinine were 44% more likely to show signs of cognitive impairment than those with very low levels. There was also "an exposure-response gradient" between cotinine concentration and poor mental performance: the more cotinine in a subject's saliva, the worse that subject performed on tests measuring mental agility, memory and clear thinking. (Read "The Year in Medicine 2008: From...
...population density. But what goes on in the cities is a consequence of developmental forces that do not recognize arbitrary statistical boundaries. Agricultural supply routes, real-estate markets, tourist behavior, and commuter networks are just a few examples of the ways in which cities and the countryside form a gradient, not a border...
...seem obvious, or even inevitable, that a poor person would live a shorter, sicker life than a rich one. But consider also that a "social gradient of health" exists even among the rich: the outlandishly wealthy live healthier and longer than the rich, who live better than the merely comfortable. In every country around the world, WHO's Commission on the Social Determinants of Health found that the very best off had better health than people a few rungs below them on the socioeconomic ladder. "Even in Sweden" - a country with a strong history of social and economic equality...
...obesity or death in a gang fight - but with the new report, WHO aims to uncover "the causes of the causes." It sets out not to cure diabetes or crack down on violence, but to pinpoint the social factors that make the more poorly likely to suffer, and this "gradient," or the degree to which different groups are unequal in health, is far steeper in the U.S. than in most other industrialized countries. One reason, according to commissioner David Satcher, a former U.S. Surgeon General, may be that the U.S. comprises a more diverse population than other places, mixing...