Word: emption
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Dates: during 1981-1981
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...addition, the states face the legal problem of "pre-emption," which limits their right to pass statutes in areas that are already addressed by national laws. For example, courts have held that a strict California consumer protection bill was pre-empted by a similar federal law, even though the federal version was weaker...
...nuclear weapons with a combined 15 million tons of TNT--"one million times greater than the bombs at Hiroshima," Lown emphasizes, adding that technological advances in the accuracy of nuclear weapons have been responsible for dangerous changes in government policy. Increases in targeting accuracy lead to policies of pre-emption, Lown says, citing as an example for President Jimmy Carter's Presidential Directive 59, which effectively recognized the policy of limited nuclear warfare...