Word: cubism
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...change started with cubism and widely affected the European avantgarde. Its results range from the futurist sculpture of Italian artists like Umberto Boccioni and Giacomo Balla to the radical experiments of the Russian constructivists, Tatlin, Rodchenko, Lissitzky, Puni; from Alexander Archipenko's wall reliefs to Julio Gonzalez's iron constructions and Alexander Calder's fluttering mobiles. Artists as unlike as Naum Gabo and David Smith were affected by it. No sculptor interested in either ideal formal systems or new materials was immune to its promises, and its influence persists to this day. Sculpture had been solid since...
...bent some sheet metal into the semblance of a guitar. It was a guitar that might have been lifted from one of his own cubist still lifes, an open object defined by thin planes. The folding of the tin imitated the layered, overlapped look of the paintings: it was cubism made literal. This battered-looking object is Exhibit A in the Guggenheim show. In it, space was for the first time declared to be the prime subject of sculpture, but by means traditional to painting: the flat surface, the boundary line. Since tin sheets do not ask to be stroked...
...curious thing was that he had so little natural talent as an artist; no fluency, little relish. Magritte's paintings from the early '20s are painfully bad, academic cubism-as awkward, in their way, as the cubist paintings of another great ideas man of our time, Marcel Duchamp. Magritte had a poor sense of color, and his drawing was mere tracing; the paint surface is as dead as an old fingernail...
...chaotic experience of a man not in command of his tongue." The principal influence on Macke was French: the paintings of Delaunay, like A Window, 1912-13, which had been seen in Berlin in 1913. Its light-filled space, saturated with color-not the sober browns and grays of cubism, but the full radiance of the spectrum from high yellow through to ultramarine, with a vestigial slice of trusswork from the Eiffel Tower rising in the top third of the painting to remind one that this was a view of Paris-made a deep impression on the young German...
...painting, two great landscapists, Claude Monet and Paul Cézanne, are twin bridges between the 19th century and our own. As Cézanne's work provoked cubism, so Monet's looked forward to abstract expressionism. Today the role of landscape in art has shrunk. But the most ecstatic perceptions of experience and the most radical discoveries about the language of color and shape that these sublime artificers made were developed from their landscape motifs. Cézanne's was the Provençal countryside around Aix. Monet's was a garden at Giverny, about...