Word: centralizes
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Dates: during 1990-1999
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...dissertation about F.D.R. while an exchange student at Columbia University in 1958. "What struck Yakovlev most about Roosevelt," says Loren Graham, a Sovietologist who was a classmate at Columbia, "was how Roosevelt understood that to save the system he had to give up much that wasn't central in order to preserve the essence." The lifting of the Iron Curtain shows that Yakovlev wasn't the only one who understood that point...
...U.S.S.R., there would be a different man in the Kremlin today. Or at least there would be a very different Gorbachev, one who would still be suppressing dissidents, sending refuseniks to Siberia, invading neighboring countries, propping up dictators, financing wars in the Third World and generally behaving the way central-casting Soviet leaders are supposed...
...longed for a leader with verve and vision, someone who would represent their pride rather than their shame. There was, therefore, a national murmur of interest in 1979, when the country got its first look at Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev at a televised awards ceremony. Not only did this new Central Committee Secretary, then 48, seem at ease among the ruling septuagenarians; he was the only one able to say thank you for his medal without reading from a 3-by-5 card...
...reality." His rise in the party began long after Stalin's death, so he is less afflicted than his elders by xenophobia and acceptance of terror as a civic norm. His abilities were recognized by KGB chief Yuri Andropov, who offered him counsel and support. Andropov had been a Central Committee Secretary and, as head of intelligence, had access to a picture of domestic and international affairs undistorted by propaganda. He was able to brief Gorbachev on how swiftly their country was declining...