Word: sinkiang
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...Despite the snub, Moscow persisted-and again was turned down. Finally, this summer, the Soviets and the Chinese managed to hold low-level talks on border river navigation, and the stage seemed to have been set for more significant border talks. Then a new clash broke out along the Sinkiang-Kazakhstan border, and in the past month, Peking and Moscow have exchanged serious charges. Peking accused the Russians of causing an astounding 429 border incidents in June and July alone. Moscow countered last week by charging China with 488 frontier violations between June and mid-August, and warned that further...
Only 3,000,000 of Sinkiang's 8,000,000 people are Chinese, many of them recent settlers imported to strengthen Peking's ethnic hold. The others come from at least 14 minority nationalities. Some 4,000,000 are Uighurs, descendants of the 9th century Turkic invaders, and 600,000 are Kazakhs, Kirghiz and Tadjiks. Divided by customs and heritage, the various minorities nonetheless are united in their hate of their present masters, who first penetrated Sinkiang under the Han Dynasty...
Russian involvement in Sinkiang dates to the Czars. In the mid-19th century, Alexander II sent troops into northwestern Sinkiang to quell a Moslem revolt. An 1881 treaty restored part of the area to China, but Russia retained a large hunk. Stalin expanded Soviet influence in Sinkiang by using Soviet consulates and cultural centers for propaganda. In 1944, Moslem rebels financed by Moscow set up the East Turkestan Republic in Sinkiang. Up to the time Mao Tse-tung won control of China, the Russians were trying to establish Sinkiang as an independent republic...
...sense, the Chinese Communists might be better off if Stalin had succeeded. Sinkiang has meant mostly trouble for them. The proud, independent tribesmen have resisted Communist indoctrination efforts. They resent attempts to collectivize their herds of goats and cattle. Playing on those resentments, the Soviets in 1961 encouraged Sinkiang's Moslems to stir up the native groups by comparing their bad treatment under the Chinese with better conditions in the Soviet Union. When the snows melted in the spring, some 60,000 Uighurs and Kazakhs fled across the border. Soviet trucks picked up the refugees, while Russian troops sometimes...
Since then, the situation has grown increasingly serious. Soviet radio stations beam programs into Sinkiang exhorting the minority groups to rise up in a war of liberation against the Maoists. The Chinese, badly outgunned along the entire Sino-Soviet border, are at a special disadvantage in Sinkiang. Against some 150,000 to 200,000 troops across the Soviet border the Chinese have only 85,000 to 100,000. The Soviet troops, moreover, are backed up by medium-range missiles...