Word: physiologists
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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Soviet psychiatry began to take shape in the 1920s and drew especially on the work of physiologist Ivan Pavlov (whose experiments on conditioning, particularly with dogs, gave the term Pavlovian response to the English language). His followers largely rejected the work of Sigmund Freud and other Western theorists and looked for physical rather than psychological causes of mental problems. That emphasis led Soviet psychiatrists to rely on drug treatment, work therapy and re-education rather than psychotherapy...
Plant genetics is another option that needs to be energetically pursued. At / the University of California at Riverside, plant physiologist Anthony Hall is working on a way to make cowpeas more tolerant to heat. Other scientists are using genetic engineering to transfer genes from bacteria that act like natural insecticides. But though they have tried, scientists have not yet been able to develop farm crops that are drought resistant. Says Hall: "You can't grow plants without water...
...extensive preflight tests, Ethan Nadel, a physiologist at Yale Medical School, verified that the demands placed on the pilot -- the equivalent of running two marathons back to back -- would not exceed the limits of human endurance. Since the wingspan measures 112 ft. and the plane flies just 15 ft. above the ocean waves, even a second's pause would result in a quick dunking. To keep the human engine from sputtering, Nadel, with the Shaklee vitamin company, developed a lemon-flavored cocktail of energy-rich glucose, water and a blend of salts to nourish the pilot throughout the flight...
...second study supported the idea that people inherit physiological traits that predispose them to obesity. A group led by Physiologist Susan B. Roberts of Tufts University studied 18 infants during their first year of life: six of their mothers were thin; twelve were overweight. Roberts and her colleagues measured how many calories the babies took in and how many they burned off. By three months of age, six of the babies with overweight mothers were generating 21% less energy than the rest. At one year, the six had become overweight, although they ate no more than the thinner babies...
Exercise, at least half an hour three times a week, is an important aid to controlling weight, keeping bones strong, building muscle strength, conditioning the heart and lungs and relieving stress. Declares Physiologist William Evans of the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Tufts University center on aging: "There is no group in our population that can benefit more from exercise than senior citizens. For a young person, exercise can increase physical function by perhaps 10%. But in an old person you can increase it by 50%." The advice is catching on: a Gallup poll taken at the end of last year...