Word: apprenticeships
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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...apprenticeship is not over, not yet. One day some fisherman with a pipe stands in the stream nearby releasing fish and announces that the trout are hitting bugs with an unpronounceable Latin name. You nod but don't know what he's talking about. Then back to the books for a quick course on streamside biology, matching the hatch, figuring out what the trout is eating and which artificial flies imitate those insects. Armed with a little entomology and inflamed with trout psychosis, you start buying everything that countless catalogs offer: stream thermometers, a flashlight for nighttime fishing, hook- sharpening...
...paid heavier dues than tiny, 5-ft.-tall Anne Rosenzweig, who during her first unpaid apprenticeship was made to lift all the stockpots alone, even though men in the kitchen helped one another. "The European chef there was miserable and kept saying that women had no strength, no stamina and no concentration," says Rosenzweig, who went on to become the controversial vice chairman at Manhattan's exclusive "21" Club, as well as chef-partner at her own New York City restaurant, Arcadia. Overprotectiveness, not abuse, was what almost undermined Leslie Revsin, a chef at the Barbizon Hotel in Manhattan...
...mathematics, apprenticeship methods focus less on formulas than on analyzing the way a mathematician chooses a path to a solution. The technique is valid for higher math as well as basic arithmetic. In East Lansing, Mich., Magdalene Lampert's fifth-graders connect numbers to real-world situations. Instead of dutifully working out common denominators to compare fractions, for example, one of her students reasoned that "five-sixths is smaller than seven-eighths because the piece that is missing in seven-eighths is smaller than in five-sixths." Says Lampert: "This reveals more complicated thinking and a better understanding of symbols...
...century ago, educators differentiated cognitive skills from the "lower" vocational skills taught by apprenticeship. This produced a school system in which math, science and reading are taught through abstractions that, in the words of one expert, are "void of the complexities of the real world and thus irrelevant and even boring." The results can sometimes be ludicrous. Alan Schoenfeld, an expert on math education at Berkeley, notes that students characteristically answer "seven buses remainder ten" when asked how many 35-passenger buses are needed to transport 255 students. In practical terms, of course, the answer is eight, since the remaining...
...Although apprenticeship can be a highly effective tool, it requires greater personal involvement and a deeper understanding of the subject matter than most conventional teaching methods. To help make up for the shortage of professionals skilled in this technique, educators look to a new generation of computer-based teaching tools that work with students much the way a teacher does, walking them through incorrect answers to show where they went astray. The key to these new tools is the concept of apprenticeship. Says Lauren Resnick, past president of the 14,500-member American Educational Research Association: "Apprenticeship has the promise...