Word: without
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Dates: during 1960-1960
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...obstacles still lying in the way of a safe guarded test-ban treaty. For one thing, the Russians may really not want any agreement at all, may be dangling concessions to prolong the talks and thus achieve their original aim of getting the U.S. to halt nuclear tests without any agreement on inspection. On this, the U.S. might get a better reading at the summit in mid-May. But even if President Eisenhower and Premier Khrushchev resolve the basic conflicts on inspection and control measures at the summit, it will still take the test-ban negotiators months to work...
Some military experts think so, even if the U.S.S.R. did not evade the ban by carrying out clandestine tests. Development of tactical nuclear weapons making it possible for the U.S. to overcome Communist superiority in military manpower without resorting to mass-destruction H-bombs, has long been a hope and goal of U.S. military thinking. Former Atomic Energy Commissioner Thomas E. Murray argues that the only way the U.S. can escape from the "balance of terror" is to shift from reliance on mass-destruction H-bombs to reliance on tactical nuclear weapons. A test ban, he says, would stop development...
...Underground tests of much less than 19 kilotons could be carried out with slight risk of detection. And by going to a lot of expense, the U.S.S.R. could carry out tests much bigger than 19 kilotons without much risk. Under the "big-hole" theory worked out by U.S. scientists, an explosion in a very large, spherical underground chamber would be muffled by a factor of as much as 300 to 1, so that a 100-kiloton explosion would set up no stronger a tremor than an unmuffled one-third kiloton explosion, and would thus go entirely undetected. Excavating...
...decided to bring a halt to the reign of terror." Next day Verwoerd went a step further, declared a state of emergency in all the major population centers of the nation. It gave the government power to censor the press, close or take over any business, make arrests without warrant, require workers to return to their jobs or go to jail...
...Without much fanfare, the first destroyer built in West Germany since World War II was launched last week in Hamburg. Like three sister ships to be built this year, it is 3,000 tons, the biggest warship West Germany can build under the 1954 protocols to the Brussels Treaty. Also to be launched, later in the year: the first of twelve U-boats, conventionally armed. Displacing the maximum permissible 350 ons, they are designed for use in the shallow Baltic and have too restricted a range for use in the Atlantic...