Word: warranted
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...trainees are al ready commissioned officers, most of them in their 20s, whose silver wings can carry their careers high in the air cavalry, the Army's youngest, fastest-growing branch. The other 70% are nearly all young volunteers fresh from high school and college, who become warrant officers* if they complete the flight course successfully. As new recruits, they take regular Army basic training for eight weeks and then go to Texas' Fort Wolters for four weeks of preflight instruction...
...constitutional command erects a wall of privacy that U.S. police cannot breach without a valid search warrant. But even so, the wall has gaping holes. Police are free to use evidence gained by peering in the locked windows of a private house; they can also plant electronic "bugs" on outside walls to record conversations inside. Unless they unlock the windows or pierce the walls, they need no warrant-for the moment at least, the line is drawn at actual physical intrusion...
Uncomfortable Thought. The U.S. Court of Appeals in San Francisco faced this constitutional riddle in a case that arose from complaints of homosexual activity in the men's room of a privately run resort in Yosemite National Park. Without a warrant, a U.S. park ranger had holes cut above three stalls and disguised them as air vents. After watching 40 men peacefully come and go, the ranger and a photographer finally saw two men performing acts that violated both U.S. and California...
Unmoved Majority. In troubled dissent, Judge James R. Browning argued that the Fourth Amendment "protects such privacy as a reasonable person would suppose to exist in given circumstances." The ranger invaded that privacy, said Judge Browning, by cutting peepholes that "constituted actual intrusion," and the resulting surveillance without a warrant created what the Fourth Amendment condemns-"a general exploratory search conducted solely to find guilt." Not moved, Judge Browning's brethren refused to extend the right of privacy to a public toilet. There was no actual intrusion, said the court. "All appellants complain of is that they were seen...
Mother and son appealed on the grounds that every citizen has a common-law right to resist false arrest. A policeman, they argued, may make an arrest for a misdemeanor only if he has a warrant or if the offense is committed in his presence. In this case, the cops had neither excuse. And New Jersey's second highest court has just reversed the Koonces' convictions. In so doing, though, it barred all further resistance to false arrest in New Jersey. Historically, the court noted, the right arose in a day when arrest was well worth fighting...