Word: undergo
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...declaration will do little to improve their legal or medical rights in the country. For example, transsexuals are still required to have a sex-change operation before they can change their gender in the eyes of the law. And to get the green light for surgery, they must still undergo extensive medical and psychiatric evaluations. "It's a symbolic victory," says Louis-Georges Tin, president of the Paris-based IDAHO committee, which fights homophobia and what it calls "transphobia," or discrimination against transsexuals. "Transsexuals are no longer mentally ill," he says. "They're normal citizens. But we haven...
...selecting their doctor. Surgeons complain that they are poorly equipped to perform the complicated procedures and that few have received specialized training, according to the survey. And some even say they are ostracized by their colleagues if they perform such surgeries. For these reasons, many transsexuals choose to undergo the procedure - at their own cost - across the border in Belgium, home to some of the best sex-change specialists in the world...
...what advocacy groups find most egregious is that France, like many other countries, requires transsexuals to undergo surgery - and become sterilized - before they can receive identity cards and other official documents confirming their new gender. "If we refuse, we're basically undocumented," says Caphi. According to most advocates, about half of transgender people - a term many prefer, though the French state doesn't use it - have no desire to go under the knife, preferring instead to simply live their lives as a member of the opposite sex in their dress and behavior...
Among the many difficult decisions women face after receiving a diagnosis of breast cancer is whether to undergo mastectomy, not only of the breast with cancer but, as a preventive measure, of the unaffected breast as well. Cancer detected in one breast has a tendency to spread to the other, healthy breast, and an increasing number of women are choosing to excise the unaffected breast, just to be safe. Numerous studies have documented the reduction in breast-cancer recurrence in women who elect to remove both breasts, but until now, no studies had confirmed that this decision actually increases...
Whether the findings are sufficient to translate to the clinic, though, is another matter. Some experts are not convinced - yet - that the study results should be part of clinical decisionmaking, pointing out that many factors other than mastectomy may be driving the increase in survival. "Women who undergo a [preventive] mastectomy in the unaffected breast may be different from women who do not," says Dr. George Sledge, president-elect of the American Society of Clinical Oncology and a professor of medicine at Indiana University. "They may be overall healthier in that they see their physician more frequently, and their physicians...