Word: two
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Dates: during 2000-2000
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...first and most famous of these are Wyeth-Ayerst’s Enbrel, and Remicade, manufactured by a subsidiary of Johnson and Johnson, which have been in use now for roughly two years. Both Enbrel and Remicade inhibit a key messenger in the inflammatory cascade known as the tumor necrosis factor (TNF). The drugs are both more effective than traditional medications, and more likely to slow down joint degradation. "The idea that biologics could prove effective against autoimmune diseases has been firmly established by the TNF story," says Dr. H. Michael Belmont of the Hospital for Joint Diseases in New York...
That story, in fact, has inspired trials of nearly two dozen new biotech medicines. IDEC Pharmaceuticals in San Diego, Calif., for example, has zeroed in on the interactions between helper T cells and APCs to develop antibody drugs against lupus and RA. Their anti-RA antibody selectively switches off T cells involved in autoimmune responses by binding the CD4 molecule on their surfaces. Amgen, of Thousand Oaks, Calif., has developed a drug that works by blocking Interleukin-1, another molecule that promotes inflammation...
...injections, in combination with chemotherapy, melted away tumors in eight out of 30 patients with recurrent, late-stage head and neck cancer. In another study involving 27 patients whose cancers had metastasized to the liver (a condition that usually kills in six months), 11 were still alive nearly two years after being treated with a high dose of Onyx...
...therapies are emerging from two extraordinary decades of intense basic research, a fantastic voyage that scientists are taking into the heart of the cancer cell. "The life and death of cells is being worked out, and the dozens and dozens of molecules in the body that participate in those pathways are now becoming targets for therapy," says Alan Houghton, a medical oncologist and immunologist at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, in Manhattan...
...Two years ago, Mohammad Omidian, 58, a general contractor from Orinda, Calif., had failed to respond to chemotherapy treatments for multiple myeloma that was eating away at his bones. He had shrunk 3 in. and was so weak, he says, "I could not sneeze without holding on to something." His doctors put him on Dendreon’s experimental treatment Mylovenge, which required extracting dendritic cells from Omidian’s blood, mixing them with molecules from myeloma cells, and then returning them to him so they could deliver a swift kick to his immune system. Within two weeks, Omidian felt strong...