Word: trialing
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Professors who receive particularly positive feedback should be rewarded in ways they would find meaningful. Trial and error would compile a list of ways to honor well-liked and effective professors, though a few ideas already come to mind. Titular accolades, such as the existing Harvard College Professorship, could serve as compelling incentive. (In this arena, Harvard might be wise to follow Yale, which presents six faculty members in six fields with teaching awards and several minutes of public praise on Class Day.) Good teachers could choose to instruct younger or less effective teachers in methods they themselves have found...
Animals learn by trial and error, and the smarter they are, the fewer trials they need. Traveling backward buys us many trials for the price of one, but traveling forward allows us to dispense with trials entirely. Just as pilots practice flying in flight simulators, the rest of us practice living in life simulators, and our ability to simulate future courses of action and preview their consequences enables us to learn from mistakes without making them. We don't need to bake a liver cupcake to find out that it is a stunningly bad idea; simply imagining it is punishment...
...good team player, who a leader or a follower." Before such scans are used, neuroethicists warn, we must understand what they can and cannot do. A device that might be helpful in personnel testing, for example, might not be rigorous enough to be used in a criminal trial, where the standard of proof is higher. That's currently the case with the polygraph. But Farah is afraid that because of the high-tech aura of brain scans, people may put more faith in them than is warranted...
...male volunteers to a situation guaranteed to raise their stress levels: participating in a mock job interview and solving arithmetic problems in front of strangers who corrected them if they made mistakes. As expected, each subject's cortisol level rose at first. But by the second day of the trial, most of the men's cortisol levels did not jump significantly. Experience had taught them that the situation wasn't that bad. Seven of the men, however, exhibited cortisol spikes every bit as high on the fourth day as the first. Only by the fifth day did their stress reaction...
Encouraged by his results, Pitman is entering the third year of a much larger trial--one that has stirred some controversy. The President's Council on Bioethics recently condemned his study as unethical, saying that erasing memories risks undermining a person's true identity. Pitman rejects such notions as a bias against psychiatry. After all, he says, no one suggests that doctors should withhold morphine from people in acute pain on the grounds it might take away part of the experience...