Word: textual
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...Brubeck's oratorio attested the composer's solid training as a serious musician, mostly under the eye of the French master Darius Milhaud at Mills College in Oakland, Calif. In twelve extensive, complex vocal movements, it traces a series of meditations on the universality of faith, with textual fragments drawn by Brubeck and his wife lola from the Gospels and Psalms. What little jazz there is in the score is far removed from the usual Brubeck sophistication: it is a more primitive, elemental sort, blended with folk overtones (including, at one point, a bit of Turkey...
...Dead Sea scrolls provide information other than textual history of the Bible. All the scrolls from the first century B.C. are ruins from the library of the Essene Jews. According to Cross, these were the "leftists" of the first century B.C., who lived with the certainty that at any moment "the angels of God, the heavenly host, would fight the final battle with Satan and his forces" and the Messianic Age would be realized...
...outside critic cannot tell exactly how much a director has contributed to a player's performance and how much is the player's own. The director must here be held accountable for the actual text that is used--and Macbeth presents an unusually high number of textual problems. There are no Macbeth quartos; we have only the version in the First Folio, published some dozen and a half years after the play was written, and even this is a corrupt text. Furthermore, no other Shakespeare play has more lines that are ambiguous in their meaning...
Jerry Dodge's drunken Porter is a commendable cameo. And he gives an admirable solution to one textual problem. Just before Macduff and Lennox enter through the gate, the Porter has the line, "I pray you, remember the porter." A number of scholars claim this is meant as an aside to the audience--which seems pretty silly. Dodge, however, saves the line until Macduff enters, and then speaks it with one palm extended, thereby turning it into a request for a tip in return for having roused himself to open the gate at an ungodly hour...
...said earlier, since there is only one source for the text, and that a corrupt one, Macbeth has provided a field day for textual emendators. In Macbeth's famous remark, "My way of life/Is fall'n into the sere, the yellow leaf," Houseman has adopted Dr. Johnson's emendation of "May" for "way." In the same speech, the Folio offers, "This push/Will cheere me ever, or dis-eate me now." Among the conjectures are "disease," "disseize," "defeat," and "dis-ease." I myself like to understand "chair" (which was pronounced "cheer" then), with which "disseat" makes perfect sense. Houseman too settles...