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...this year the club members have been discussing an edition of the Bhagavad Gita, a traditional Hindu text, edited by Swami Chinmayananda...
...belief system that grounds one's teaching. A pedagogy." Goodman and Frank Smith, a cognitive psychologist, developed the theories behind whole language in the late 1960s. Goodman asked adults and children to read aloud, then studied the ways in which what they said varied from the text. From this work, he concluded that readers rely on context to guess an upcoming word rather than using the word's spelling. If this ability to guess were improved, and poring over individual letters discouraged, said Goodman, then reading would be more fluent...
Smith also argued that readers did not see every letter in a word or every word in a text. If they did and if they tried to translate what they saw into sounds, reading would be much too cumbersome. Somehow, though, children learned to read. To explain this, Smith adapted theories about the acquisition of oral language. In the mid-'60s the linguist Noam Chomsky had determined that a child's brain is actually wired with the rules of all spoken languages. Immersed in the world of speech, the child learns by experience which rules apply to the language...
...page paperback. Preferring the "ethnographic" data he collects, Goodman dismisses the research conducted by his opponents. Asked if there is research from other fields that confirms his findings, he cannot think of any. His final defense is that phonics teaches the ability to recognize individual words, not to understand text, but studies confirm what common sense tells us: comprehension depends on word recognition...
...Adams, the key to reading is that words must be recognized almost instantly so that the brain can be free to comprehend what is being read. Eye-movement studies show that readers do fixate on virtually every letter in the text. It has also been shown that readers "sound out" words unconsciously. Each letter, then, must be sounded out with incredible speed. Of course, in English there are many different ways for sounds to be represented by letters. In Adams' scheme, a reader does not have to learn all these combinations; once phonemic awareness is established and some sound-letter...