Word: summering
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Dates: during 2000-2000
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...West Bank Tanzim until Arafat slapped his face a year ago for daring to challenge the Palestinian Authority. Then Arafat elevated another activist, Hussein Sheikh, to take over Barghouti's work among Fatah. And then Arafat changed tack again, publicly kissing Barghouti on the forehead late this summer. Both men claim to lead the Tanzim, both see their prominence in the violence as the path to power. Add to them the radicals of Hamas and Islamic Jihad, bent on wiping out Israel--and diminishing Arafat's authority--and the mix is impossible to control...
...cost him in other regions. "They thought they could fight us on our own turf in Florida," says Matthew Dowd, Bush's polling guru, "but while they were doing that, they let things slip" elsewhere. When the Texas Governor began running ads in traditionally Democratic West Virginia last summer, the Gore campaign responded for a few weeks, then took its ads down as its polls showed the Vice President 17 points ahead...
When Jack St. Clair Kilby, a 34-year-old electrical engineer from Grand Bend, Kans., began working at a fledgling Dallas company called Texas Instruments in May 1958, he didn't yet qualify for the annual two-week summer vacation. So, come July, he had the lab pretty much to himself to try out something that had long been bugging him. Why, he wondered, couldn't all those tiny components--transistors, resistors, capacitors--in TI's electronic gadgetry be created out of a single block of material instead of separately wired parts? By September, he was ready to show...
Still, if the Nobel rules allowed posthumous awards, Kilby would almost certainly be sharing his prize with someone else. For not long after Kilby's productive summer, Robert Noyce, another inventive young Midwesterner, began toying with similar ideas at an upstart outfit called Fairchild Semiconductor. But there was a key difference. Noyce, who had a Ph.D. in physics from M.I.T.--Kilby flunked the admissions test--used a new chemical etching technique. It could not only print transistors on silicon wafers directly, like patterns in a rug, but also lay down the critical connecting tracks between them, simplifying the chips' manufacture...
...good against-all-odds story. "We like to see that kids have overcome adversity," says Cornell's Gabard. "Goodness knows, they'll face adversity in college." Provided the adversity is authentic--like a death in the family--it can make a much more gripping essay topic than a summer jaunt through Europe. And if applicants have suffered any dip in academic performance, they need to account for it, either in an essay or in a counselor's letter...