Word: research
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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Though the Kremlin proclaims its allegiance to science, Soviet researchers are stifled by ideological tests and Communist doctrines. A prime example: the Stalin-blessed rule of a charlatan, the late Trofim Lysenko, over all biological research in the Soviet Union. Brooking no opposition to his discredited genetic theories, Lysenko dealt severely with scientific dissidents, putting Soviet biological science years behind that in the West...
...best position to evaluate the work of a promising newcomer. Nor do teachers and students communicate as easily as they do in the U.S., where there is a give and take between the generations. Says Professor Heinz Maier-Leibnitz, president of the West German Research Society: "In America, you have to be different to be accepted. West German scientists are not very original. They don't take risks. They watch what the others are doing, and in the end they all march in the same direction...
...France, almost all scientific research is directed by the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, an unwieldy bureaucracy that perpetuates the status quo. Because scientists who belong to the C.N.R.S. have civil service status, they cannot be fired once they have received tenure. Promotions are based on seniority rather than on competition. Says Michel Crozier, a research director at C.N.R.S.: "Once you have a system where procedures as well as promotions come from conforming to the social situation, it means that it is absolutely impossible to get people to cooperate in a bold venture...
Some of the portents are ominous. To begin with, less money is flowing into pure science. While U.S. investment in basic research and development declined from 3% of the gross national product in 1964 to only 2.2% last year, the rate in West Germany, which has averaged 3%, rose last year to 3.2%. Between 1965 and 1977 the investment in Japan rose from...
Last month, Ptashne announced that he had induced sythesis of a protein in a virus by using DNA. The Harvard research group applied the technique developed in the synthesis experiments to their investigation of the genetic role of the two proteins in the phage lambda. "It's all come together in the last several months," Ptashne said...