Word: protestantized
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Hope flickered briefly for Ireland's Catholics in 1689, when deposed King James II of England, a convert to Rome, landed in Ireland to organize a war to reclaim his throne. On July 12, 1690, James was defeated in the Battle of the Boyne by his Protestant successor, William of...
Fiery Words. By 1700, Irish Catholics owned only one-seventh of the land. The Penal Laws?enacted by a Protestant Parliament in Dublin ?turned the warrior race into virtual slaves. Catholics were excluded from political life, forbidden to have their own schools and could not buy back land from...
Evil Spirit. The British hounded the outlaw Fenians. Toward the end of the century, though, Home Rule for Ireland became a realistic possibility. Its most notable advocate was four-time Liberal Prime Minister William Gladstone. He tried to exorcise the "evil spirit" of Ireland from Westminster by disestablishing the Anglican...
The brutality of suppression made heroes and martyrs of the wild-eyed I.R.A. troopers in their makeshift gray-green uniforms and slouch hats. Many of them refused to lay down arms even after partition in 1921. This established the Irish Free State in the South, and in the North left...
In fact, it nearly was. When remnants of the army gathered at Bodenstown in 1949 for their annual ceremonies honoring Wolfe Tone, the Dublin Brigade, supposedly the strongest unit in Ireland, had barely 40 men on its roster. Political events of 1949 gave the I.R.A. a new life. In that...