Word: propaganda
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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Dulles presided over two major disasters during his tenure as director. One was the Russian capture of U-2 Pilot Francis Powers, which enabled Nikita Khrushchev to gain a propaganda victory over the U.S. (since then, a system of spy satellites initiated under Dulles has much surpassed the U-2s). The other was the ill-fated Bay of Pigs invasion, which led at least indirectly to Dulles' retirement seven months later. Dulles took it all calmly. CIA directors, he said, were "expendable." He wrote: "Obviously you cannot tell of operations that go along well. Those that go badly generally...
...prison camp has become an extension of the battlefield. Totalitarian nations are not content merely to extract information from a P.O.W. They often hound and harass a man for months and even years in order to win his mind and soul, to reduce him to an instrument of propaganda. It is, of course, a tactic that the Soviet Union devised for use against its own political prisoners, as dramatized with terrifying realism in Arthur Koestler's Darkness at Noon...
...Sieverts. Neither the U.S. military nor the public seems as angered by the confessions as they were in the Korean War -although leniency still does not extend to P.O.W.s who have harmed fellow prisoners by cooperating with the enemy. Says Paul Warnke: "You're allowed to sign a propaganda statement to save your own skin but not to save your skin at the expense of another...
...cases where prisoners finally do break down and sign incriminating confessions, the rest of the military should perhaps follow the lead of the Air Force and discount the propaganda loss. Anyone, friend or enemy, who is persuaded by a forced confession doubtless had his mind already made up. Moreover, propaganda can backfire. The fact that it has been gained through the abuse of prisoners repels people. When the North Vietnamese put captured U.S. flyers on exhibit in Hanoi, foreign reaction was so adverse that the Vietnamese never restaged the spectacle...
...Lodge suggested the immediate re-establishment of the Demilitarized Zone as an inviolate buffer zone between the two Viet Nams. He also urged efforts toward troop withdrawal by both sides. Saigon's chief delegate, Ambassador Pham Dang Lam, echoed the American proposals but could not resist a little propaganda on the side. "You'll never take the South by force," he warned the Communists. Shortly thereafter, the 6½-hour conference ended with an agreement to reconvene this week...