Word: programing
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Dates: during 1990-1990
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...radical departure from the traditional methods, researchers have swapped their mice for a procedure that they hope will detect a drug's potency not only against leukemia but also in scores of different types of cancer cells. The new effort, which is being employed at the Developmental Therapeutics Program in Frederick, Md., uses an arsenal of automated devices and computers to test potential cancer-fighting drugs on real human cancer cells, grown in laboratories, rather than on mice. This enables scientists to test more than 300 chemicals a week. Many of these drugs had failed in the past when tested...
...theory behind the new program is that cancers from different organs share certain "family" characteristics. For example, brain cells that turn cancerous might share qualities with other brain cancers but differ dramatically from colon cancers or leukemias. To look for common weaknesses among different types of cancer, the automation process tests chemical compounds directly against a range of 60 lines of living tumor cells grown in Petri dishes and representing seven leading cancer killers: colon, lung, melanoma, kidney, ovarian, brain and blood...
Some critics are concerned that the new $4 million-per-year program will fail to spot drugs that are enhanced naturally by the body's metabolism or immune system, and that the old mouse screens were better in that respect. In any case, new agents discovered by the automated screening may require years of additional testing in the lab -- and then on animals -- before any newly discovered therapies can be tried on human cancer patients. "All it will take," says NCI adviser Korn, dean of the Stanford University School of Medicine, "is one smashing winner. Then everyone will...
After Yeltsin became chairman of the Russian parliament in May, he vowed that the republic would follow its own radical reform program, known as the 500 Day Plan, with or without Kremlin approval. Then, in a dramatic about-face last month, Gorbachev invited the Russians to submit their scheme as the basis for a new economic program for the central government, to be drafted by a commission led by economist Stanislav Shatalin, a member of the group of Gorbachev advisers who make up the Presidential Council. The decision to join forces with Yeltsin was a masterstroke. By siding with...
...Shatalin program, worked out with cooperation from the republics, represents a radical departure from the Kremlin's fumbling efforts in the past to develop a "regulated market economy" that would be subject to central control. At the heart of the plan is a scheme to privatize state-owned property. In what would amount to a vast redistribution of national wealth, large enterprises would be converted into shareholding companies; medium- and small-size businesses and shops would be put on the market; and land would be offered for sale to peasants. The Shatalin program also proposes the step-by- step deregulation...