Word: processing
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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...development of the recombinant DNA technique ushered in a new era of genetic engineering-with all of its promise and possible peril. The lowly organism that currently plays the largest role in the process is the E. coli bacterium. This microbe-a laboratory derivative of a common inhabitant of the human intestine-lends itself to being engineered because its genetic structure has been so well studied. In the first step of the process, scientists place the bacterium in a test tube with a detergent-like liquid. This dissolves the microbe's outer membrane, causing its DNA strands to spill...
After a few more genetic refinements, Curtiss had developed what seemed to be a safe research bacterium. But a major problem remained. Even dying E. coli bacteria can conjugate with healthy ones, transferring their possibly dangerous genetic material in the process. Thus an escaped and dying bug might still pose a danger. Again Curtiss worked his genetic magic, this time taking away from the microbe the ability to produce the chemical thymine, which is a component of the bug's own DNA. Without thymine supplied in the lab, the E. coli could not pass its genes on to healthy...
...safeguards. But practice fell short of the ideal. In 1967 the U.S. Supreme Court reviewed juvenile justice procedures through In re Gault, a case involving an Arizona boy abruptly jailed after making an obscene telephone call. The court decided that Gault and other young defendants should have many due-process rights available previously only to adults. Among them were the rights to consult an attorney and to cross-examine witnesses...
Side Questions. In Kremens v. Bartley, a class action expected to be decided this spring, lawyers are asking the court to require due-process protections before a child can be committed to a mental institution by his parents. The case was brought on behalf of five minors who were placed by their parents in a Pennsylvania mental institution for truancy, drug use, sexual misbehavior and other reasons. Their attorney insisted that the children should not have been committed simply on the say so of their parents, and demanded various precommitment safeguards, including a hearing. But state officials worry that such...
...organize your information for someone else than for yourself." In a typical course, 15 to 30 students meet with an instructor twice a week for 90-minute sessions. The core of the program is a 331-page workbook outlining a series of laborious drills that break the writing process into simple steps...