Word: polish
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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Huge crowds of workers also poured into the streets of Bratislava, the east Slovak industrial center of Kosice, the mining center of Ostrava on the polish border, and Usti nad Labem, the heart of industrial north Bohemia...
With more than a million residents of Polish descent, the Chicago area is the unofficial capital of Polonia. Many of the janitors and cleaning women who vacuum and scrub the city's high-rises and the clerks who sell kielbasa and clothing in the shops along Milwaukee Avenue speak little or no English. News about the old country is broadcast in Polish on radio and television and headlined by the daily Zgoda (circ. 15,000) and at least a dozen thriving Polish-language weeklies. The reaction of leading commentators in recent months has sometimes bordered on euphoria. "Events in Poland...
...Poles came to Chicago in three large waves. Between 1890 and 1930, more than 350,000 Polish peasants poured into the city to labor in the steel mills and meat-packing plants. Their descendants now live in the suburbs or in neat bungalows on Chicago's northwest and southwest sides. As Stalin's Iron Curtain fell across Eastern Europe after World War II, another flood of immigrants arrived, many of them soldiers who had fought with the Allied forces...
...latest migration began in the late 1970s, accelerating after martial law was declared in Poland in 1981. Among the 30,000 new Polonians to arrive in Chicago were cosmopolitan intellectuals who found they had little in common with their predecessors. "Polka is not a Polish dance," laughs Bozena Nowicka, who teaches Polish at Loyola University. "Pirogen is not a noble dish. Polish America is an archive for a culture that no longer exists." In June, Nowicka and 4,500 other new Polonians lined up outside the Polish consulate in Chicago to cast their votes in the historic election back home...
...Polish Solidarity leader, and the world, may have to wait considerably longer for any clear signal about what kind of post-cold war Europe the U.S. envisions, and what it may do to help create one. The progressive dissolution of the onetime Soviet Empire in Eastern Europe, symbolized by the opening of the Berlin Wall, raises the possibility of a historic turn toward peace and cooperation -- but also the danger of churning instability. So the questions are piling up: What can the West do to strengthen the democratic movements in Poland, Hungary and East Germany? What sort of relationship...