Word: papally
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Soon this sort of writing spread all over Western Europe, and it was not until the 12th Century that the arched and spired letters of Gothic script began to replace it. Minuscule never vanished entirely. In time, Gothic became so intricate that papal bulls were almost illegible, and each was usually sent out from the Vatican chancery accompanied by a duplicate written in another hand. The writing used for the translation was merely a variation on the Carolingian theme-the slanting chancery calligraphy of men like Ludovico degli Arrighi...
...first formal relations between the U.S. and the Vatican were established in 1848, when President James Polk sent Jacob L. Martin, a convert to Catholicism, to Rome as charge d'affaires. At that time the Papal States controlled 16,000 square miles, compared to the Vatican's present 108.8 acres. Twenty years later, the diplomatic era which began with Jacob Martin came to an abrupt halt. Because of Protestant criticism of the mission, Congress cut off the funds, and Resident Minister Rufus King * came home from Rome...
...Episcopalian and a 33rd degree Mason, he became a firm friend of Pope Pius XII. Clark will not be a mere Minister, as was his predecessor, Rufus King. His title will be Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary,* and his appointment will probably be followed by the naming of a Papal Nuncio...
With One Voice? The official White House announcement pointed out that 37 countries maintain diplomatic relations with the Vatican. Their representatives attend Vatican ceremonies, vouch for countrymen who request papal audiences. They call frequently at the red-walled office of Monsignor Giovanni Battista Montini, Under Secretary of State for ordinary affairs, to exchange information from other lands. Under a new committee-of-cardinals secretariat soon to be established, a U.S. ambassador would deal largely with a cardinal appointed to handle North American affairs, probably an American...
...Army because he was an epileptic. His most notable service as Minister to Rome was to help bring about the arrest and extradition of John H. Surratt, of Surrattsville, Md., who conspired with Lincoln's assassin, John Wilkes Booth. Surratt had fled to Rome and joined the Papal Zouaves. He was never convicted, but his mother, Mary E. Surratt, was hanged for aiding Booth. King, an editor of the Milwaukee Sentinel and Gazette and a leader in the movement for an expanded public-school system, said that Congress ended! the U.S. mission to the Holy See on the "erroneous...