Word: offing
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Dates: during 1960-1960
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The temporal authority of the Pope was under challenge by Europe's new rulers, and Cardinal Bellarmine earned the enmity of ecclesiastical conservatives (notably Pope Sixtus V) by maintaining that papal jurisdiction over heads of state was only indirect and spiritual-the position generally accepted today. On the other...
Different Revolution. In the long run, it was the supporters of state power who won out against the champions of church power. In the words of Father Murray, the Gelasian principle of "two there are" became "one there is"-one increasingly powerful state. From absolutist monarchy, Murray sees a straight...
The French example, feels Murray, became the model of monism-the political theory that "regards the state as a moral end in itself."
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But America was a different kind of revolution. In some ways, as Murray puts it, it was not a revolution but a conservation, in that it revived the old freedom of the church. After the colonial phase of religious fanaticism-of setting up state churches and exiling heretics-the early...