Word: normalization
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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...suggested that in a Middle East settlement Israel might be permitted to maintain some kind of defense lines beyond its actual borders. Nothing doing, said Sadat. "Sovereignty is indivisible. We can't have two borders." Sadat did soften his position.on Israel, however, saying that he envisaged full normalization of relations between Israel and the Arab states within about five years of the signing of a peace agreement. Previously, he had said only that Israel's security would be guaranteed, not that normal diplomatic relations would be established. Sadat pressed Carter hard to recognize and deal with the Palestine...
...lowliest of nature's creatures, a rod-shaped beastie less than a ten-thousandth of an inch long. Its normal habitat is the intestine. Its functions there are still basically unknown. Yet this tiny parcel of protoplasm has now become the center of a stormy controversy that has divided the scientific community, stirred fears-often farfetched-about tampering with nature, and raised the prospect of unprecedented federal and local controls on basic scientific research. Last week the bacterium known to scientists as Escherichia coli* (E. coli, for short) even became a preoccupation at the highest levels of government...
Finally, the chimeras are placed in a solution of cold calcium chloride containing normal E. coli bacteria. When the solution is suddenly heated, the membranes of the E. coli become permeable, allowing the plasmid chimeras to pass through and become part of the microbes' new genetic structure. When the E. coli reproduce, they create carbon copies of themselves, new plasmids -and DNA sequences-and all. Thus they become forms of life potentially different from what they had been before-imbued with characteristics dictated not only by their own E. coli genes but also by genes from an entirely different...
Returning to his laboratory at the University of Alabama Medical Center in Birmingham, Curtiss quickly hit on a way to keep E. coli under control. The microbes must be able to manufacture a protective membrane; without such an outer coat they would swell and burst during normal growth. To keep them from manufacturing a complete coat, Curtiss created an E. coli with a defect in a gene that makes diaminopimelic acid (DAP), an important ingredient of the membrane. The defect made the bugs dependent for their survival upon DAP supplied by scientists...
...DAPless. But more frustration awaited Curtiss: the mutants managed to survive and multiply even without DAP. How? Dennis Pereira, a graduate student who worked with Curtiss on the project, discovered that they were producing a sticky substance called colanic acid that held them together in the absence of their normal outer coat. By manipulating still another of the microbe's genes, Curtiss and Pereira deprived the bug of its ability to make colanic acid. That change provided an unexpected dividend; it also made the already sickly microbe extremely sensitive to ultraviolet light. Any exposure to sunlight would kill...