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...anticipated consequences of various courses of action and that select behavior accordingly--in an intricate and not entirely predictable way. These circuits are what we call "free will," and providing them with information about the likely consequences of behavioral options is what we call "holding people responsible." All normal people have this circuitry, and that is why the existence of genes with effects on behavior should not be allowed to erode responsibility in the legal system or in everyday life...
...course, in the real world, psychiatric diagnosis doesn't--or at least shouldn't--work like a checklist at a sushi counter. Many of the items that appear as diagnostic criteria in the DSM are sometimes symptoms of a disorder and sometimes signs of perfectly normal behavior. An adolescent who "often argues with adults" may have an unusual condition called "oppositional defiant disorder" or a more common condition called "being 14 years old." The DSM includes a cautionary statement saying it takes clinical training to tell the difference. But many nonspecialists use the book too: insurers open the DSM when...
Deans also point out that if the current situation mirrors the recession of the early 1990s, the number of applicants would return to normal levels relatively soon...
...quit," says Dr. Phillip Dennis, lead author of the recent study in the Journal of Clinical Investigation. "If you need a supplement, don't do it without medical supervision." Nicotine itself may not be a cancer-causing agent, but, according to Dennis, it activates a pathway in cancerous and normal lung cells that keeps cells alive even when they are damaged and should naturally die. As healthy cells acquire genetic defects from cigarette smoking, nicotine may force them to survive in their damaged, precancerous state until they collect so many mutations that they become fully cancerous. The study looked only...
...will be able to take a semester off at full pay for every six semesters they spend teaching in Cambridge—allowing them paid leave twice as often as under the old policy. Such sabbaticals are meant to give faculty a chance to do scholarship unburdened by their normal teaching and administrative responsibilities. The move was widely hailed by both professors and administrators as bringing Harvard into line with other universities whose policies on taking sabbaticals are much more generous...