Word: molecular
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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Ramsey was praised in the release "for his seminal investigations in broad areas of atomic, molecular and nuclear physics, and for his dedicated service to the nation and to the scientific community...
These days the explosive growth of both molecular biology and immunology has enabled vaccine makers to take a safer and more effective approach to their work. Instead of using dead or attenuated bacteria or viruses, they remove from the bug's surface the marker protein, or antigen, that provokes the immune response. Employing gene-splicing techniques, they mass-produce the antigen, or a portion of it, and use it as the prime ingredient of the vaccine...
Researchers are also creating vaccines that consist largely of antigens synthesized from chemicals on the laboratory shelf. When these vaccines prove ineffective, scientists can now usually determine why. Says M.I.T. Molecular Biologist Malcolm Gefter: "Today, when a vaccine doesn't elicit a protective response, it is possible to detect what is or is not working -- the B cells, the T cells, the lymphokines, whatever." Scientists can then "fix" the vaccine. For example, the 1985 vaccine against Hemophilus influenzae Type B, which causes bacterial meningitis, was only partially effective; although it protected older children, it did not work for babies under...
...been a professor at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, N.J., where his colleagues have included the likes of Albert Einstein, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Kurt Godel and John von Neumann. Dyson has had an intimate look at upheavals of contemporary science ranging from advances in particle physics and molecular biology to space travel and artificial intelligence. His long career in the ivory tower has not made him a reflexive defender of his elite brotherhood. "I detest and abhor," he writes, "the academic snobbery which places pure scientists on a higher cultural level than inventors." Nor has he been content...
...work," explains Lehn, "is the way molecules are able to recognize each other." In nature, molecules that work together have complementary shapes, like a lock and a key, and only the right key will fit to initiate a given reaction. In essence, the trio managed to create synthetic molecular keys that fit the locks as well. Those new molecules have been used experimentally to partially detoxify rats contaminated with lead or radioactive strontium...