Word: molecular
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Dates: during 1950-1959
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...blaze, which occurred in Ramsey's molecular beam laboratory, started when a small welding generator overheated in "the normal course of operation." Ramsey has borrowed another generator, and expects no interruption in his work...
Fats are divided into two main groups; most oils from vegetables, fish and marine mammals are "unsaturated," i.e., their molecular structure is such that there is room for some extra hydrogen atoms. Most animal fats (including butter and egg yolks) are "saturated." It is Bronte-Stewart's and Jolliffe's theory that saturated fats help raise cholesterol levels while unsaturated fats help lower them...
...this disease, common among African peoples (and their U.S. descendants), was inherited in some fashion, but that was all they knew. Pauling showed that the abnormal, short-lived, sickle-shaped red blood cells, characteristic of the disease, contained Hemoglobin S, a hitherto unknown form of hemoglobin that differs in molecular structure from the normal Hemoglobin A. More important, Pauling & Co. showed that a defective gene determined the production of this type of hemoglobin. If both parents had the defective gene, even without the overt disease, the chances that their offspring would have full-fledged anemia were (by Mendelian...
Pauling's argument: molecular disease arises when defective genes cause the body to manufacture abnormal molecules. Up to i% of the 2,000,000 mental defectives in the U.S. suffer from phenylketo-nuria-a mental disease accompanied by the body's failure to oxidize an amino acid, phenylalanine, to tyrosine. Probable cause of the failure is a defective enzyme. The Pauling project: to find out the connection between the molecular and men tal defects, and also whether the other 99% or more of mental defectives owe their handicap to a similar molecular abnormality caused by a combination...
Nevertheless, the companies that have delved most deeply into fundamentals have in most cases come up with the richest booty. Du Pont's nylon came from basic research into molecular structures started in 1927 by Du Pont's late famed Scientist Wallace Carothers. When Dr. Carothers found a way to simulate the long-chain molecules found in natural silk, Du Pont applied his findings to the development of nylon, which reached mass production in 1939, after five years and $27 million for applied research. European scientists were quick to capitalize on Carothers' findings, developed other synthetic fibers...