Word: lymph
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With the cancer apparently confined to so tiny a nodule, Urban needed to remove only the breast tissue itself, leaving intact the underlying muscle and adjacent tissue in the armpit. To be on the safe side, he sent lymph nodes from inside the breast for paraffin fixing and more microscopy, which proved negative as expected. Despite the surgeon's traditional caution, Urban felt free to say, "We honestly believe Mrs. Rockefeller is cancer free now, and will be free...
...gynecologist, who found several more lumps. Then she checked into the hospital for a biopsy to determine if the growths were in fact cancerous. When the tests proved positive, doctors immediately performed a mastectomy. They amputated her breast and removed much of the underlying tissue as well as the lymph nodes under her left armpit...
Happy's quick action may well have saved her life. Doctors reported that the cancer had been discovered before it had a chance to infiltrate the lymph nodes and then begin spreading throughout her body. They pronounced her prospects for long-term survival "excellent...
...some years now, the standard treatment for breast cancer has been the radical mastectomy, a traumatic and disfiguring operation in which the surgeon removes not only the breast but other tissue that may have been invaded by cancerous cells: the pectoral muscles that support the breast and the lymph nodes under the affected arm. There is growing opposition to such extensive surgery, some of it from women's liberationists, who see it as a deliberate mutilation performed by male doctors who can neither understand nor appreciate its impact on their female patients...
...there are those who insist that complete amputation is not necessary. Dr. Vera Peters of Toronto's Princess Margaret Hospital advocates a simple procedure called "lumpectomy," in which only the cancerous lump is removed. She says her research shows that in cancers that have not spread to the lymph nodes, lumpectomy is just as effective as the more radical operations and far less damaging psychologically. (The problem is how to determine that the lymph nodes are uninvolved; most doctors feel that the only sure way to tell is to remove the nodes and study them under a microscope...