Word: lender
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...powers to erect two of those crucial four pillars. Last fall they introduced Fed-sponsored insurance for money-market deposits, the equivalent of the FDIC insurance that exists for regular bank accounts. At the same time, they opened Fed lending to financial-services companies, making the Fed the lender of last resort for those firms, just as it is for traditional banks. In the past two days, Geithner unveiled the final two safeguards that he, Bernanke and Bair believe will help to prevent a future widespread financial meltdown: the power to take control of collapsing companies to ensure their failure...
Before 1970, banks were content to make loans to consumers and business which remained on their books, collecting interest until the principal on the loan was satisfied. This approach made for a relatively illiquid market for the buying and selling of loans. Accordingly, this system insured that lenders were unable to sell their loan portfolios easily. Market illiquidity exposed the lender to the risk that individual loans would default or that rising interest rates would force the lender's interest cost higher than its income on the individual loan...
...Treasury bonds that they are holding long term, lend them out short term, often overnight, to borrowers who need the shares to fulfill other commitments. For instance, if hedge funds want to sell shares short, they borrow them, putting up cash collateral that includes a small spread to the lender. Typically, the owner of the shares takes that collateral and invests it in something with low risk and of short duration, like commercial paper. The lender is exposed to some risk, but it usually isn't catastrophic. However, AIG took the collateral and invested in longer-term, higher-risk mortgage...
IndyMac will soon earn the first half of its name back. The Federal Government, which seized the failed bank last summer, is expected to close a deal in the next week that would return the California mortgage lender to private ownership. For IndyMac, the deal means independence in less than eight months. For the government, the IndyMac sale provides a shining example of how takeovers can work, at a time when the Obama Administration may soon begin pushing for more nationalizations. (See 25 people to blame for the financial crisis...
...Take Allied Irish Banks. The country's biggest lender revealed this week that its pretax profit dropped 62% in 2008. The bank's share price slid 90% last year. In any other country, worried customers would already be queuing to withdraw all their money. But so far Ireland has avoided a run on its banks, thanks largely to the government's decision in October to guarantee deposits in six Irish banks, as well as those in five foreign institutions, for two years. The Irish guarantee was heralded in some quarters as a model solution for restoring confidence, with several...