Word: layer
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...Equator to four or less at the Poles. One of its chief features is that there is practically no vertical temperature gradient. By describing it as "a calm and weatherless region," TIME meant that it lies above the turbulence, heavy clouds and precipitation which characterize the troposphere or surface layer of the atmosphere...
...They saw no reason why this energy omitted from a transmitting station should not disappear into free space and be lost to the cart. To explain this difficulty, Sir Oliver Heaviside in England and Arthur E. Kennelly simultaneously proposed the explanation that radio signals are reflected from an ionized layer in the upper atmosphere and the energy thereby returned to the earth...
...pulses from a special radio transmitter. These purses rise to the ionosphere and are reflected back to the earth as echoes, where they are received by a special radio receiver. The time elapsed between the transmission and reception of each pulse is recorded and the effective height of the layer may then be computed...
...constant". Laying emphasis on the failure to penetrate beyond a transition zone of light and heavy atmosphere, he expressed a conviction that with the accessibility to a greater elevation a more distinct transformation would be evident. Results of the recent flight yielded valuable specimens of ozone, a high oxygen layer which deflects ultraviolet rays, and revealed the presence of living spores and bacteria at the highest altitudes...
...Electrical State of the Earth's Outer Atmosphere." When radio waves of different frequencies are directed up at the ionosphere, some are bounced back to the starting point where the elapsed time is recorded while others escape into space. From this data the heights and densities of the layers can be calculated. Of the three major layers, said Dr. Berkner, the lowest (E) averages 65 miles high, the next (F1) 130 miles, the uppermost (F2) 190 miles. In summer the densities of these three, from top to bottom, are 16,000,000 ions, 5,300,000 ions...