Word: kieve
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Rise & Fall. More than once in the next 300 years, the Poles marched as far as Kiev; more than once men from the East, notably the Tatars, swept into Poland. Casimir the Great was the first Pole to encompass a large block of non-Poles (Ruthenians) in his domains. His great-niece, Jadwiga, married Jagiello of Lithuania in 1386. The union of the two kingdoms prospered for almost exactly 300 years; the tide did not turn until 1667 (see map). Said Ivan III of Muscovy, when Poland's expansion was in full flower: between Russians and Poles, there...
...about the resurrection of Poland. Out of the wreck of the central powers and the Russian Empire, new states were created, Poland and the Baltic States among them. Almost at once the Poles found themselves in a new war with the Russians. Marshal Pilsudski led the Polish Army to Kiev to support Hetman Petlura's attempt to carve out an independent Ukraine. The infant Red Army drove out Petlura, chased Pilsudski to the gates of Warsaw. There, General Maxime Weygand of France, in collaboration with the Polish general staff, devised a brilliant strategy, sent the Russians stumbling back...
Terror swept the Bessarabian plains, driving the peasant folk and bourgeoisie like leaves in a rising storm. The Red Army was less than 70 miles away and advancing westward from the Kiev bulge. Behind the crumbling German front, Rumania trembled...
Toward Rumania. In the massive Battle of the Dnieper Bend, churning between Kiev and the Crimea since October, the Red Army won two key towns, gave Marshal Joseph Stalin cause to issue special orders of the day, Moscow cause to jubilate with fireworks and cannon...
...were less than 65 miles from the pre-1939 Rumanian frontier. At Kirovograd and other points on the salient's rim the Red Army hacked off and trapped hunks of the enemy. The Wehrmacht had spent precious, dwindling reserves in the November-December counterdrive west of Kiev. Now the hard question facing Manstein was not whether he could hold the salient, but whether he could get out of it in time. The Russians spoke of many prisoners taken, of "disorganized" Wehrmacht columns "powerless to stem our troops." But they also admitted the fierceness of German resistance. Marshal von Manstein...