Word: indirection
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Dates: during 1970-1970
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...being used against a foreign adversary. Historically, Presidents have committed forces at their own discretion, as Woodrow Wilson did in Mexico. Truman in Korea and Johnson in the Dominican Republic. Congress has retained the final word as to the size and weaponry of the military establishment, thereby exercising an indirect check on how and where they could be used. Last year Congress went further by barring the introduction of U.S. ground-combat units in Laos and Thailand. Rather than object, the White House said that the restriction was in keeping with Administration policy...
...fashionable in some quarters to dismiss the market as an exclusive club for the wealthy. In fact, it is the world's least exclusive club. The 26 million Americans who own stock directly constitute one of the nation's largest minorities. Those who have at least an indirect interest in the market, through participation in mutual funds, pension funds and other institutions, number 100 million, or almost half the total U.S. population. The pensions that millions of citizens eventually will receive depend partly on the performance of the stocks in which their funds invest...
...grown to an estimated $102 billion-all of it tax exempt. New York City alone forgives $36 million a year in potential taxes on church property. Though such exemptions are as old as the republic, even some churchmen have lately questioned the practice. Critics view it as an indirect subsidy that hikes taxes for other property owners and violates the First Amendment because it amounts to state support of religion...
Middle Course. Speaking for the court majority, Chief Justice Warren E. Burger relied largely on the clear fact that church exemption is a U.S. tradition. He admitted that exemption "necessarily operates to afford an indirect economic benefit" but he felt that the practice does not produce the kind of governmental "sponsorship, financial support and active involvement" that the First Amendment's drafters intended to guard against. It is no more an aid to religious organizations than other forms of assistance permitted by the court, including the use of state funds to pay for the busing of parochial school pupils...
...pupils an average 20 miles a day. The survey noted that desegregation plans approved by the Department of Health, Education and Welfare tend to reduce busing in Southern states. Nevertheless, some segregated private academies encourage parents to buy and operate buses, while several Southern state legislatures are pressing for indirect subsidies for private-school busing. According to the survey, one white school-Beaufort Academy in South Carolina-has pupils who ride the bus 120 miles...