Word: grader
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Dates: during 1950-1959
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...Harvard examination system is designed, according to its promulgators, to test two specific things, knowledge of trends and knowledge of details. Men approaching the examination problem have three choices: 1. flunking out, 2. doing the work, or 3. working out some system of fooling the grader. The first choice of solution is too permanent, the second takes too long...
...seems pretty obvious that in any discussion of the various methods whereby the crafty student attempts to show the grader that he knows a lot more than he actually does, the vague generality is the key device. A generality is a vague statement that means nothing by itself, but when placed in an essay on a specific subject, might very well mean something to a grader. The true master of the generality is the man who can write a ten-page essay, which means nothing at all to him, and have it mean a great deal to anyone who reads...
...generality writer banks on the knowledge possessed by the grader, hoping the marker will read things into his essay...
Just exactly what our equivocator's answer has to do with the original question is hard to say. The equivocator writes an essay about the point, but never on it. Consequently the grader often mentally assumes the right answer is known by the equivocator and marks the essay as an extension of the point rather than a complete irrelevance. The artful equivocation must imply the writer knows the right answer, but it must never get definite enough to eliminate any possibilities...
...long run the expert in the use of unwarranted assumptions comes off better than the equivocator. He would deal with our question of Hume not by baffling the grader or fencing with him but like this: "It is absurd to discuss whether Hume is representative of the age in which he lived unless we first note the progress of that age on all intellectual fronts. After all, Hume did not live in a vacuum...