Word: glashow
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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...gets the impression of a jumble of particles and physicists. In fact, things were somewhat more orderly than they might seem. Glashow explains the scheme in a diagram accompanying an article he wrote last July. He first divides elementary particles into "carriers of force" and "carriers of mass." Carriers of force are the mediating particles described above (although the pion is not a member of this class). Carriers of mass comprise everything else...
Finally the story moves to Glashow's contribution, which came in 1964. Motivated by considerations of grace and elegance in theories which combined the electromagnetic force and a force called the "weak force" (to distinguish it from the "strong force"), Glashow and another physicist, James D. Bjorken, postulated an additional flavor of quark, and named it the "charmed" quark. Glashow writes in a New York Times article...
More support for Glashow's work came in 1974 with the discovery of the J or psi particle at Brookhaven National Laboratory and the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. The particle was eventually interpreted as a combination of a charmed quark (c) and a charmed anti-quark (c*). But final confirmation came in May 1976, when the Stanford team, led by Gerson Goldhaber, found incontrovertible evidence that charmed particles exist...
...Gerson at a conference in April," Glashow said, "and told him he'd better get on the stick. I said, 'Look, Gerson, this is getting embarassing for you. You'd better find some charmed particles.' Three weeks later he called me up and told me he'd found them...
...Glashow is currently examining the ways in which quarks combine to form elementary particles, a subject he calls "chromodynamics," an allusion to the "color" attributed to quarks. Actually, neither "color", "flavor," "charm," nor "strangeness" has any correlation to the common-sense meaning of the words. They are just ways of labeling the various attributes of quarks and could just as easily be called "beauty," "faith" or "hope...