Word: framework
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...Senator Goldwater apparently places little stock in the "necessary and proper" and "general welfare" clauses. The wisdom of the ages did not stop accumulating in 1789, and if a nation is to live fruitfully in a changing world, its Constitution must be a reasonably flexible document, laying down a framework for dealing with problems beyond the foresight of the drafters. Why does the Constitution not mention agriculture or education? Because the twentieth century, post-frontier farm problem was something inconceivable to the framers; and because public education was a negligible affair until the middle of the nineteenth century...
...current non-technical literature of economic development suffers from the same fault: inability to impress clarity on a very confused situation. Some writers, like W. W. Rostow of M.I.T., have tried to be too clear. In his Stages of Economic Growth, Rostow attempts to provide a useful framework by dividing all societies into five stages of development: traditional societies, the preconditions for take-off, the take-off, maturity, and the age of high-mass consumption. If nations such as Peru and Pakistan can fulfill the right pre-conditions, Rostow says, by allocating resources to the right sectors, by stimulating...
Significantly, the Tocsin prospectus starts off, not with these proposals, but with a discussion of the political bewilderment of students. Much nonsense has been written recently about student apathy--as if we knew what was going on, had a conceptual framework to deal with it, perhaps even knew what we wanted, and yet were simply too timid or lazy or busy or dull to do anything about it. None of these assumptions is true. As the Tocsin prospectus says, we are bewildered because we lack "a set of ideas which seem adequate to challenge prevailing assumptions supporting organization...
...flask with a little water in the bottom, and an electric discharge is passed through it, the chemical reaction produces an accumulation of amino acids in the water. Since amino acids are the building blocks out of which proteins are made, and proteins are the chemical framework of all life on earth, the first chemical step toward life could have come about naturally on the primitive earth, pushed by lightning flashes or perhaps cosmic rays...
Woodward's starting point was aceto-acetic ester, a very ordinary chemical, which was then broken into four different compounds called pyrroles. Then followed what Woodward calls "tailoring the framework"-meaning that he and his 17 helpers devised subtle chemical tricks to put together the skeleton of the chlorophyll molecule and add the atom groups that clothe it. The final step, and one of the most difficult, was to separate chlorophyll-a (the real McCoy) from its mirror image, which was also produced by the synthesis...