Word: electronics
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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...1940s, the molecular biologists had come on the scene, and they insisted that fundamental life processes could be fully understood only on the molecular level. In their investigations, some used the electron microscope, which revealed details of structure invisible to ordinary optical instruments. Others specialized in X-ray crystallography, a technique for deducing a crystallized molecule's structure by taking X-ray photographs of it from different angles...
...part of a national "seeds for the future" effort in science and technology, Tsukuba Science City now has an annual government budget of $600 million and a staff of 7,000 scientists, engineers and technicians. Their investigations extend from high-energy physics (using a 12 billion electron volt accelerator) to searches for new lightweight, heat-resistant materials. In one cavernous seven-story building nicknamed the "rainmaker house," researchers are simulating weather in order to understand rain-induced mudslides, a recurring problem in Japan. Another laboratory contains a huge "shaking table" on which large model structures are tested for their ability...
...When the green line made its telltale movement at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, the sprawling high-energy physics research center outside Chicago, it signified a major scientific achievement. At that instant, Fermilab's newly rebuilt accelerator (physicists prefer that term to atom smasher) climbed to 512 billion electron volts (GeV),* the highest energy level ever reached by the powerful machines used by physicists to study the fundamental secrets of matter...
...years of work had finally paid off and that the $130 million set aside to make the machine the most complex accelerator ever built had really been well spent. In the months ahead, it will gradually be boosted to 800 GeV and perhaps by next year to a trillion electron volts (TeV). At full operating power, the device will not only live up to its name, Tevatron (from the Greek teras, or monster, a scientific symbol for a trillion), but will also put the U.S. back in the forefront of high-energy physics. Says Fermilab Director Leon Lederman: "The Tevatron...
...discovered a group of new particles that helps confirm what physicists call the standard model. This divides matter into two basic types of particles: quarks, which are the building blocks of protons, neutrons and other "heavy" components of the atomic nucleus; and leptons, exemplified by "light" particles like the electron...